葡萄牙殖民地战争 | |||||||||
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冷战与非洲的非殖民化的一部分 | |||||||||
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参战方 | |||||||||
指挥官与领导者 | |||||||||
葡萄牙:
葡属西非:
葡属几内亚:
葡属东非:
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安哥拉:
葡属几内亚:
莫桑比克:
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兵力 | |||||||||
148,000名葡萄牙正规军人
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38,000-43,000名游击队员
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伤亡与损失 | |||||||||
8,289人死亡 15,507人受伤 |
葡属西非:50,000人死亡 葡属几内亚:~6,000人死亡、~4,000人受伤 葡属东非:超过10,000人死亡 | ||||||||
平民伤亡: 葡属东非:50,000人死亡[25] |
历史系列条目 |
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葡萄牙历史 |
葡萄牙历史年表 |
葡萄牙殖民地战争(葡萄牙语:Guerra Colonial Portuguesa),是指1961年至1974年间葡萄牙对其殖民地葡属西非、葡属几内亚及葡属东非发起的一场战争。第二次世界大战结束后,很多欧洲国家纷纷自愿或被迫放弃其殖民地,但当时葡萄牙总理安东尼奥·德·奥利维拉·萨拉查领导的国民联盟极右政权却拒绝放弃其殖民地,因此葡萄牙仍维持着庞大的殖民帝国。葡萄牙尝试抵抗殖民地内部发起的去殖民化浪潮,并因此爆发了葡萄牙殖民地战争。1974年4月25日,葡萄牙发生康乃馨革命,该战争亦随新国家体制终结而结束。
在整个战争期间,葡萄牙面临越来越多的异议,武器禁运和国际社会大多数的其他征收惩罚性制裁。到了1973年,由于战争的长度和财务费用,葡萄牙与其他联合国会员国的外交关系不断恶化,变得越来越不受欢迎。康乃馨革命后,葡萄牙政府正式宣布放弃所有海外殖民地。
结果及影响
康乃馨革命发生后,葡萄牙新政府宣布去殖民化。葡萄牙曾据有的殖民地,如非洲的安哥拉和莫桑比克等地,葡萄牙殖民政府与驻军也连带撤出,造成非洲前葡属殖民地一独立就陷入权力真空,各派系与被卷入的周遭邻国爆发了内战。尤其是安哥拉内战,交战双方分别获得古巴和南非的支持,一度加剧了内战情势。
参考
- ↑ Salazar: A Political Biography, 2009. Page 530
- ↑ Prominent African Leaders Since Independence, 2012. Page 383
- ↑ FNLA - um movimento em permanente letargia, guerracolonial.org (葡萄牙文)
- ↑ Angola-Ascendancy of the MPLA
- ↑ Mozambique: Frelimo and the War of Liberation, 1962-1975
- ↑ A History of FRELIMO, 1982. Page 13
- ↑ Encyclopedia Americana: Sumatra to Trampoline, 2005. Page 275
- ↑ Contested Power in Angola: 1840s to the Present, 2000. Page 167
- ↑ Culture And Customs of Mozambique, 2007. Page 16
- ↑ Warfare in Independent Africa, 2011. Page 70
- ↑ Libya Relations with Sub-Saharan Africa
- ↑ Qaddafi: his ideology in theory and practice, 1986. Page 140
- ↑ Violence in Southern Africa, 1997. Page 10.
- ↑ Mozambique, Resistance and Freedom: A Case for Reassessment, 1994. Page 64
- ↑ Tito in the world press on the occasion of the 80th birthday, 1973. Page 33
- ↑ Liberalism, Black Power, and the Making of American Politics, 1965-1980. 2009. Page 83
- ↑ Portuguese Africa: a handbook, 1969. Page 423
- ↑ University of Michigan. Southern Africa: The Escalation of a Conflict, 1976. Page 99.
- ↑ War in Peace: Conventional and Guerrilla Warfare Since 1945. 1985. Page 154
- ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/174815?seq=1
- ↑ A Guerra - Colonial - do Ultramar - da Libertação, 2nd Season (Portugal 2007, director Joaquim Furtado, RTP)
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Mia Couto, Carnation revolution , Monde Diplomatique
- ↑ Portugal since 1974, Britannica
- ↑ A Guerra - Colonial - do Ultramar - da Libertação, 1st Season (Portugal 2007, director Joaquim Furtado, RTP
- ↑ Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century retrieved December 4, 2007
书目
- Kaúlza de Arriaga - Published works of the General Kaúlza de Arriaga
- Ian Becket et all., A Guerra no Mundo, Guerras e Guerrilhas desde 1945, Lisboa, Verbo, 1983
- A. H. de Oliveira Marques, História de Portugal, 6ª ed., Lisboa, Palas Editora, Vol. III, 1981
- José Mattoso, História Contemporânea de Portugal, Lisboa, Amigos do Livro, 1985, «Estado Novo», Vol. II e «25 de Abril», vol. único
- Mattoso, José, História de Portugal, Lisboa, Ediclube, 1993, vols. XIII e XIV
- Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa, Abacus, 1991 ISBN 0-349-10449-2
- António Reis, Portugal Contemporâneo, Lisboa, Alfa, Vol. V, 1989;
- Fernando Rosas e Brito, J. M. Brandão, Dicionário de História do Estado Novo, Venda Nova, Bertrand Editora, 2 vols. 1996
- Vários autores, Guerra Colonial, edição do Diário de Notícias
- Jornal do Exército, Lisboa, Estado-Maior do Exército
- Cann, John P, Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974, Hailer Publishing, 2005