厄立特里亚独立战争

厄立特里亚独立战争
	埃塞俄比亚内战、冷战和非洲之角的冲突的一部分
	; 厄立特里亚独立战争期间的军事形势图
日期	1961年9月1日至1991年5月29日; (29年8个月又4周)
地点	厄立特里亚 (作为埃塞俄比亚的一部分)
结果	厄立特里亚取得决定性胜利厄立特里亚境内的埃塞俄比亚人民民主共和国政权被厄立特里亚人民解放阵线推翻; 古巴军事力量撤出; 在1993年举行的公投中，厄立特里亚从埃塞俄比亚手中获得独立。;
领土变更	厄立特里亚独立；埃塞俄比亚成为一个内陆国家。
参战方
ELF; 支持: 利比亚 (到1977年); 古巴 (到1974年); 叙利亚; 伊拉克; 突尼斯; 沙特阿拉伯; 索马里; 苏丹; EPLF; 支持: 中国; 苏丹; 利比亚 (1977–1991); 索马里; 叙利亚; 美国;	1961–1974 埃塞俄比亚帝国; 支持: 美国 ; 以色列; 1974–1991 德尔格 (1974–1987); 埃塞俄比亚人民民主共和国 (1987–1991); 古巴; 支持: 苏联 (1974–1990); 南也门; 以色列; 朝鲜;
指挥官与领导者
哈米德·伊德里斯·阿瓦特; Abdella Idris; 伊萨亚斯·阿费沃尔基; Mohammed Said Bareh; Sebhat Ephrem; Petros Solomon; Gerezgher Andemariam; Woldeab Woldemariam; Ibrahim Sultan Ali;	海尔·塞拉西一世 (1961–1974); Aklilu Habte-Wold (1961–1974); Tafari Benti (1974–1977); 门格斯图·海尔·马里亚姆 (1977–1991); Tariku Ayne; Addis Tedla; 菲德尔·卡斯特罗;
伤亡与损失
c. 60,000名士兵; c. 90,000名平民;	c. 80,000名士兵

Template:Campaignbox 厄立特里亚独立战争

厄立特里亚独立战争指的是1961年至1991年期间厄立特里亚为脱离埃塞俄比亚而发起的独立战争。这场战争在埃塞俄比亚内战之前就已爆发，在内战之中仍然在继续。埃塞俄比亚内战结束后不久，厄立特里亚自治政府在联合国的主持下发起公投，正式脱离埃塞俄比亚独立建国。

厄立特里亚在第二次世界大战期间曾是意大利殖民地的一部分，后来与埃塞俄比亚同时从意大利殖民统治下解放出来。埃塞俄比亚当局宣称厄立特里亚是埃塞俄比亚的领土，1950年代初，埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚组成了埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚联邦，获得联合国大会的承认。在埃塞俄比亚强行把厄立特里亚作为埃塞俄比亚的一个省之前，厄立特里亚的独立运动势力一直存在着，厄立特里亚西部低地的穆斯林哈米德·伊德里斯·阿瓦特率领的13名游击队于1961年9月1日打响反抗埃塞俄比亚的战争^[31]，埃塞俄比亚王室压迫穆斯林也成为厄立特里亚用武力手段寻求独立的原因，因为主导独立战争的厄立特里亚解放阵线初期只有穆斯林加入，但在厄立特里亚正式被兼并后，原生活在厄立特里亚高原的基督徒纷纷加入ELF，后成立的就是“厄立特里亚人民解放阵线”。

在1974年军人夺取埃塞俄比亚政权之后，埃塞俄比亚当局获得苏联的支持。直到1980年代苏联采用开放政策并开始经济改革为止，渐渐断绝了对埃塞俄比亚的帮助。1991年，厄立特里亚人民解放阵线击败埃塞俄比亚军队，占领了厄立特里亚全境。埃塞俄比亚人民革命民主阵线也在厄立特里亚人民解放阵线的帮助下推翻了门格斯图独裁政权。1993年4月，在联合国主持下，厄立特里亚举行全民公投，几乎全体一致地支持从埃塞俄比亚独立。埃塞俄比亚承认了公投的合法性，厄立特里亚获得独立。

参考文献

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Fauriol, Georges A; Loser, Eva. Cuba: the international dimension. Transaction Publishers. 1990. ISBN 0-88738-324-6.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 The maverick state: Gaddafi and the New World Order, 1996. Page 71.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Connell, Dan; Killion, Tom. Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2011. ISBN 978-0-8108-5952-4.
↑ Schoultz, Lars. That infernal little Cuban republic: the United States and the Cuban Revolution. The University of North Carolina Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8078-3260-8.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Historical Dictionary of Eritrea, 2010. Page 492
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Oil, Power and Politics: Conflict of Asian and African Studies, 1975. Page 97.
↑ Eritrea: Even the Stones Are Burning, 1998. Page 110
↑ Eritrea – liberation or capitulation, 1978. Page 103
↑ Politics and liberation: the Eritrean struggle, 1961–86: an analysis of the political development of the Eritrean liberation struggle 1961–86 by help of a theoretical framework developed for analysing armed national liberation movements, 1987. Page 170
↑ Tunisia, a Country Study, 1979. Page 220.
↑ African Freedom Annual, 1978. Page 109
↑ Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassieyears, 2006. page 318.
↑ Historical Dictionary of Eritrea, 2010. page 460
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Spencer C. Tucker, A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, 2009. page 2402
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 The Pillage of Sustainablility in Eritrea, 1600s–1990s: Rural Communities and the Creeping Shadows of Hegemony, 1998. Page 82.
↑ Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror, 2013. Page 158.
↑ Chinese and African Perspectives on China in Africa 2009, Page 93
↑ Ethiopia and the United States: History, Diplomacy, and Analysis, 2009. page 84.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search. news.google.com. 缺少或|url=为空 (帮助);
↑ Ethiopi. [2018-01-27]. , Peace Corps website (accessed 6 July 2010)
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 Ethiopia-Israel. country-data.com. [2014-10-26].
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 Connell, Dan. Building a New Nation: Collected Articles on the Eritrean Revolution (1983–2002). Red Sea Press. 2005-03. ISBN 1-56902-199-6.
↑ Eritrean War of Independence 1961–1993. [2007-09-06].
↑ A Little Help from Some Friends. Time. 1978-10-16 [2007-09-06].
↑ F-15 Fight: Who Won What. Time. 1978-05-29 [2007-09-06].
↑ Communism, African-Style. Time. 1983-07-04 [2007-09-06].
↑ Ethiopia Red Star Over the Horn of Africa. Time. 1986-08-04 [2007-09-06].
↑ Ethiopia a Forgotten War Rages On. Time. 1985-12-23 [2007-09-06].
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 Tracey L. Cousin. Eritrean and Ethiopian Civil War. ICE Case Studies. [2007-09-03].
↑ Eritrean War of Independence 1961–1993. [2007-09-03].
↑ 厄立特里亚的独立战争列国志. 2006年.

参见

[fauriol-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Fauriol, Georges A; Loser, Eva. Cuba: the international dimension. Transaction Publishers. 1990. ISBN 0-88738-324-6.

[New_World_Order_1996._Page_71-2] 2.0 ^2.1 The maverick state: Gaddafi and the New World Order, 1996. Page 71.

[Connell_2011-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Connell, Dan; Killion, Tom. Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2011. ISBN 978-0-8108-5952-4.

[4] Schoultz, Lars. That infernal little Cuban republic: the United States and the Cuban Revolution. The University of North Carolina Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8078-3260-8.

[Eritrea_2010._Page_492-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Historical Dictionary of Eritrea, 2010. Page 492

[Oil_1975._Page_97-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Oil, Power and Politics: Conflict of Asian and African Studies, 1975. Page 97.

[7] Eritrea: Even the Stones Are Burning, 1998. Page 110

[8] Eritrea – liberation or capitulation, 1978. Page 103

[9] Politics and liberation: the Eritrean struggle, 1961–86: an analysis of the political development of the Eritrean liberation struggle 1961–86 by help of a theoretical framework developed for analysing armed national liberation movements, 1987. Page 170

[10] Tunisia, a Country Study, 1979. Page 220.

[11] African Freedom Annual, 1978. Page 109

[12] Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassieyears, 2006. page 318.

[13] Historical Dictionary of Eritrea, 2010. page 460

[Spencer_C._Tucker_2009-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Spencer C. Tucker, A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, 2009. page 2402

[Eritrea_1998._Page_82-15] 15.0 ^15.1 The Pillage of Sustainablility in Eritrea, 1600s–1990s: Rural Communities and the Creeping Shadows of Hegemony, 1998. Page 82.

[16] Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror, 2013. Page 158.

[17] Chinese and African Perspectives on China in Africa 2009, Page 93

[18] Ethiopia and the United States: History, Diplomacy, and Analysis, 2009. page 84.

[:0-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search. news.google.com. 缺少或|url=为空 (帮助);

[PeaceCorps-20] Ethiopi. [2018-01-27]. , Peace Corps website (accessed 6 July 2010)

[1987TimeOrotta-21] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 Ethiopia-Israel. country-data.com. [2014-10-26].

[connell-22] 22.0 ^22.1 Connell, Dan. Building a New Nation: Collected Articles on the Eritrean Revolution (1983–2002). Red Sea Press. 2005-03. ISBN 1-56902-199-6.

[23] Eritrean War of Independence 1961–1993. [2007-09-06].

[24] A Little Help from Some Friends. Time. 1978-10-16 [2007-09-06].

[25] F-15 Fight: Who Won What. Time. 1978-05-29 [2007-09-06].

[26] Communism, African-Style. Time. 1983-07-04 [2007-09-06].

[27] Ethiopia Red Star Over the Horn of Africa. Time. 1986-08-04 [2007-09-06].

[28] Ethiopia a Forgotten War Rages On. Time. 1985-12-23 [2007-09-06].

[ICE-29] 29.0 ^29.1 Tracey L. Cousin. Eritrean and Ethiopian Civil War. ICE Case Studies. [2007-09-03].

[onwar.com-30] Eritrean War of Independence 1961–1993. [2007-09-03].

[31] 厄立特里亚的独立战争列国志. 2006年.

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