國技

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國家象徵
事物
人物或擬人形象
非人生物

國技（National sport, national pastime, national game），又稱國民運動，或國球，是指一個國家特有或具有代表性的競技運動。然而國技的定義並不嚴密，既有公認概念上的國技（如美國的棒球），也有通過法律具體規定的（如加拿大就法定袋棍球和冰球為國技），也因此使得國技並不一定是該國最具人氣或強項的運動。除了加拿大之外，世界上通過法律確定國技的還有巴哈馬的帆船、孟加拉的卡巴迪、巴西的卡波那拉、斯里蘭卡的排球等。

定義

國技的定義並不十分嚴格，有在法律上具體規定的競技運動，享有官方認可的地位；[注 1] 也有在國家文化中有特殊意義，深受國民愛戴的競技運動。[注 2] 由國家文化發展而成的競技運動是成為國技的其中一項條件，但並不全然如此，某些源自外國的競技運動也有可能因為深受國民的愛戴，或者具有特殊的意義，成為公認的國技。一般只要符合以下兩項要點，都會被認定為是國技：

國家法令指定的競技運動，給予特殊的地位和待遇[注 1]
例如：加拿大的長曲棍球（夏季）和冰上曲棍球（冬季）
國家或民族文化中特有的競技運動，或者是有某種特殊意義的競技運動[注 2]
例如：日本的相撲、韓國的跆拳道、西班牙的鬥牛

除了上述兩項，某些廣泛普及的競技運動，雖然不是公認的國技，但已經深植入於國家的體育文化當中，成為深受全民歡迎的休閒活動，所以經常是被極力推廣的國家體育項目，例如：世界各地的足球、英聯邦國家的板球、美國的籃球和橄欖球、日本的棒球、台灣在【贏了國際賽事】後的棒球、香港的賽馬、馬來西亞和印尼的羽毛球等。

國技列表

法定的國技

國家 體育運動 始於
 阿根廷 帕托 1953年[1]
 巴哈馬 史路普帆船 1993年[2]
 孟加拉 卡巴迪 1972年[3]
 巴西 卡波耶拉 1972年[4]
 加拿大 長曲棍球（夏季運動）、冰上曲棍球（冬季運動） 1994年[5]
 智利 智利牛仔騎術 1962年[6]
 哥倫比亞 特茹 2000年[7]
 伊朗 伊朗傳統摔角 1976年[8]
 南韓 跆拳道 2018年[9]
 墨西哥 墨西哥牛仔競技 1933年[10]
 菲律賓 卡里艾斯奎瑪武術 2009年[11]
 波多黎各 巴蘇馬術 1966年[12]
 斯里蘭卡 排球 1991年[13]
 烏拉圭 高喬傳統競技 2006年[14]

公認的國技

國家 體育運動
 阿富汗 布玆卡茲[15]
 安圭拉 競速帆艇[16]
 安提瓜和巴布達 板球[17]
 巴巴多斯 板球[18]
 百慕達 板球[19]
 不丹 不丹傳統箭術[20]
 中國 乒乓球
 古巴 棒球[21][22]
 多米尼加 棒球[23]
 芬蘭 芬蘭棒球[24]
 格林納達 板球[25]
 圭亞那 板球[26]
 印度 曲棍球[27][28][29]
 以色列 足球[30]
 愛爾蘭 蓋爾式足球[31][32][33]
 牙買加 板球[34]
 日本 相撲/棒球[35]
 拉脫維亞 籃球（夏季運動）、冰上曲棍球（冬季運動）[36]
 立陶宛 籃球[37][38]
 馬達加斯加 橄欖球[39][40]
 新西蘭 橄欖球[41]
 挪威 越野滑雪[42][43]
 巴基斯坦 曲棍球[44]
 巴布亞新幾內亞 聯盟式橄欖球[45][46]
 秘魯 Paleta Frontón[47]
 羅馬尼亞 Oină[48]
 俄羅斯 班迪球[49]
 蘇格蘭 高爾夫球[50]
 斯洛文尼亞 高山滑雪[51][51]
中國 棒球
 土耳其 摔角[52]& Cirit[53]
 特克斯與凱科斯群島 板球[54]
 美國 棒球[55][56]
 威爾斯 橄欖球[57]

另見

註解

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 參見「法定的國技」。
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 參見「公認的國技」。

參考文獻

  1. ↑ Argentina Decree Nº 17468 of 16 September 1953. Federación Argentina de Pato. [2012-10-16]. 
  2. ↑ Craton, Michael; Gail Saunders. Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People. University of Georgia Press. 1998: 471. ISBN 0-8203-2284-9. 
  3. ↑ Banglapedia: Kabadi. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. [2008-07-21]. Ha-du-du was given the name kabadi and the status of National Game in 1972. 
  4. ↑ Lowell, John. Ring of Liberation: Deceptive Discourse in Brazilian Capoeira. University of Chicago Press. 1992: 61. ISBN 0-226-47683-9. 
  5. ↑ National Sports of Canada Act S.C. 1994, c. 16 , Justice Laws Website, National Government of Canada
  6. ↑ Moreira Recchione, Alberto. La Medialuna: un edificio para Chile. Revista de urbanismo (University of Chile). 2007-12, (17) [2008-07-14]. ISSN 0717-5051 （西班牙語）. A reconocerse, en 1962, el rodeo como deporte nacional y oficial [10 de enero de 1962, oficio N°269 del Consejo Nacional de Deportes y Comité Olímpico de Chile] 
  7. ↑ Colombia Law 613 of 4 September 2000. Global Legal Information Network. [2008-07-14]. 
  8. ↑ 存档副本. [2013-06-05]. 
  9. ↑ Taekwondo designated as South Korea's flagbearing national sport. insidethegames. [2018-04-20] （英語）. 
  10. ↑ La Charrería "Nuestro Deporte Nacional". Mexican Department of Tourism. [2008-07-14] （西班牙語）. El año de 1933 fue muy importante, ya que el general Abelardo L. Rodríguez, emite un decreto presidencial, dando a la Charrería el título de único Deporte Nacional. 
  11. ↑ Republic Act No. 9850: An Act declaring Arnis as the national martial art and sport of the Philippines. [2010-06-26]. 
  12. ↑ Puerto Rico Act 64 of 2000, S.B. 1856 (PDF). Office of Legislative Services of Puerto Rico: 1. 2000-04-11 [2008-07-14]. In 1966, the Public Parks and Recreation Administration and the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee awarded official recognition of the 「paso fino」 horse riding sport as the autochthonous sport of Puerto Rico. 
  13. ↑ Fernando, Leslie. Sponsors President's Gold Cup tourney: Dialog assures future of VB. Daily News (Sri Lanka). 2005-06-03 [2008-07-14]. Way back in 1991 volleyball was declared as the national sport of Sri Lanka but it was only name sake. 
  14. ↑ Uruguay Law 17958 of 21 April 2006. Global Legal Information Network. [2008-07-14]. 
  15. ↑ Buzkashi: The National Game of Afghanis. Embassy of Afghanistan, Canberra. [2008-07-21]. 
  16. ↑ Boat Racing Season Officially Opens. The Anguillian. 2007-03-03 [2008-07-21]. Director of Sports, Alkins Rogers, [...] reported that the Government recognizes boat racing as the national sport of Anguilla and was giving financial resources for its development. 
  17. ↑ Antiguans and Barbudans. everyculture.com. [2008-07-10]. Cricket, a left-over from the British rule, is the national sport of Antigua and Barbuda. 
  18. ↑ Barbados: Sports. Government of Barbados. [2008-07-21]. The national sport of Barbados is cricket 
  19. ↑ Luke, Will. Cricket by association. The Wisden Cricketer. 2007-03 [2008-07-21]. Bermuda are one of the few sides who count cricket as a national sport. 
  20. ↑ National Symbols. Bhutan Portal. Government of Bhutan. [2008-07-21]. National Game: The national sport of Bhutan is archery. 
  21. ↑ Gonzalez Echevarria, Roberto. A Cuban Belle Époque. The Pride of Havana: A History of Cuban Baseball. Oxford University Press. 1999: 76. ISBN 0-19-514605-0. Baseball is so ingrained in Cuba that it has thrived as the "national sport" through forty years of a bitterly anti-American revolution. 
  22. ↑ Castro, Fidel. Speech at a meeting with Pan American Games delegation members. cuba.cu. 1999-08-13 [2008-07-24]. the game that [...] is [...] our national sport [...] I am talking of baseball 
  23. ↑ Some facts about the Dominican Republic. Embassy of the Dominican Republic, Washington. [2008-07-22]. Baseball is the Dominican Republic’s national sport. 
  24. ↑ About Finland: General information: Sports. Embassy of Finland, Washington. 2007-06-11 [2008-07-21]. the national sport, 「pesäpallo」 
  25. ↑ Batting For Grenada. Grenada Life. Grenada Board of Tourism: 38. 2007-03 [2008-07-21]. in the first Grenada Cricket Classics [, h]eroes such as Sir Viv Richards, Joel Garner and Curtley Ambrose came together to promote what is considered by many to be the national sport in Grenada. 
  26. ↑ Games. Guyana Tourism Authority. [2008-07-21]. Cricket lovely Cricket! One cannot miss out on Guyana’s national sport without participating in a game of cricket while in Guyana. 
  27. ↑ Basra, Sukhwant. No National status, except in NCERT textbooks. dnaindia. 2008-03-11 [2008-07-15]. The status of hockey as the national sport is not enshrined in any official proclamation by the Government of India. The NCERT textbook for Class XI does [...] state that India’s national game is hockey and that, in a way, does make for an official take on the issue. 
  28. ↑ Citizens: Sports: Hockey. National Portrait of India. Government of India. [2008-07-22]. Hockey, the National Sport of the Country is one of the most religiously followed games in India. 
  29. ↑ A 2012 article in the India Times argued that hockey is no longer the national sport: Mahanta, Bhaskar. What is the National Game of India?. India Times. 2012-09-28 [2013-05-07]. 
  30. ↑ Football in Israel. AsiaRooms. 2011-02-21 [2012-02-24]. The popularity of Football in Israel is sky-high and is the most popular sport of the nation by a distance. Football in Israel is the unofficial national sport of the nation and developed as an organized sport in the country during the period when the British controlled the administration or was the days of the British Mandate. 
  31. ↑ RTÉ Secures Comprehensive GAA Championship Coverage Until 2010. RTÉ Online. 2008-02-19 [2009-04-29]. Today's announcement ensures that the public will enjoy quality coverage of our national games across all of RTÉ's media platforms. 
  32. ↑ Adjournment Matters. - Eurathlon Programme.. Seanad Éireann: Volume 145. 1995-11-22 [2009-04-29]. 
  33. ↑ Farrelly, Hugh. The most progressive team in Ireland. Scrum.com. 2009-09-15 [2009-09-17]. It's [the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final] a big deal in Ireland, where Gaelic games are the national sport, but the problem for the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) is that no-one outside the country, save for committed expatriates, gives a fig. 
  34. ↑ History of Jamaica. Jamaican Embassy, Washington. [2008-07-21]. The legacy of Britain also lives on in Jamaica in many ways [...] the game of cricket is the national sport. 
  35. ↑ What Is Sumo?. Kids Web Japan sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. [2012-04-30]. 
  36. ↑ （拉脫維亞文） Nacionālie sporta veidi.... [2009-11-15]. 
  37. ↑ Adamkus, Valdas. Address at Charles University, Prague. President of Lithuania official website. 2005-07-28 [2008-07-24]. Lithuania is a country that loves basketball. It is our national sport and we are proud to be reigning European Champions. 
  38. ↑ Winn, Luke. Lithuania Calling. Sports Illustrated. 2011-08-15 [2011-08-24]. Basketball is the only sport the 3.2 million Lithuanians truly care about—it's their second religion, after Catholicism—and their success is proportionately stunning. 
  39. ↑ Madagascar take Sevens honours. [2012-07-24]. 
  40. ↑ 14-place jump for Madagascar. [2012-07-24]. 
  41. ↑ Sport, Fitness and Leisure. New Zealand Official Yearbook. Statistics New Zealand. 2000 [2008-07-21]. Traditionally New Zealanders have excelled in rugby union, which is regarded as the national sport, and track and field athletics. 
  42. ↑ Mølster, Odd. Skiing and the Creation of a Norwegian Identity - part 2. News of Norway, issue 2. Norwegian Embassy, Washington. 1996 [2008-07-21]. the national sport could become a fine weapon in time of war. In 1943, Norway's resistance movement won an epochal victory – on skis, of course 
  43. ↑ Berglund, Nina. Few cheers for Norway. Aftenposten. 2006-02-20 [2008-07-21]. The scoreboard shows how the Norwegians placed, a performance considered much too poor in a country where cross-country skiing is a national sport. 
  44. ↑ Sport in Pakistan. [2012-10-06]. 
  45. ↑ PNG vow to upset World Cup odds. Rugby League. Federación Peruana de Frontón. 2008-10-15 [2009-07-03]. But it would still be one of the biggest shocks in World Cup history if Papua New Guinea - the only country to have rugby league as its national sport - were to qualify for the last four. 
  46. ↑ PNG seal 2010 Four Nations place. BBC. 2009-11-01 [2013-06-05]. 
  47. ↑ Paleta-Frontón. Club Regatas Lima. Club Regatas Lima. 2009-08-31 [2009-08-31]. 
  48. ↑ Oina - sportul naţional uitat. Adevărul Holding. 2010-09-18 [2012-11-21] （羅馬尼亞語）. Dar nici deciziile luate de autorităţile comuniste nu au salvat sportul naţional românesc de la uitare. 
  49. ↑ Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan. Tatar-Inform. 2011-01-21 [2009-08-31]. 
  50. ↑ Alex Salmond quote. Sport Scotland. 2009-08-31 [2010-10-25]. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 存档副本. [2013-06-05]. 
  52. ↑ Ata Sporu - Güreş. Alaturka.info. [2009-12-31]. 
  53. ↑ Ata Sporu - Cirit. Kalem.biz. [2009-12-31]. 
  54. ↑ ICC Members: Turks and Caicos Islands. International Cricket Council. [2012-10-07]. 
  55. ↑ Duquette, Jerold J. Regulating the National Pastime: Baseball and Antitrust. Greenwood. 1999: 104. ISBN 0-275-96535-X. Baseball justified its privileged legal status by citing the special nature and cultural significance of America's national pastime. 
  56. ↑ Schrag, Myles. Baseball as National Pastime Revisted: And a Little Town Shall Lead Them. Peter Carino (編). Baseball/literature/culture: Essays, 1995-2001. McFarland. 2003: Chp.13 p.140. ISBN 0-7864-1643-2. Tradition – that quality so instrumental in elevating baseball to its century-old status as national pastime— has become less important 
  57. ↑ Harris, John. (Re)Presenting Wales: National Identity and Celebrity in the Postmodern Rugby World (PDF). North American Journal of Welsh Studies (North American Association for the Study of Welsh Culture and History). Summer 2006, 6 (2) [2008-07-14]. rugby used to be the undisputed national sport of Wales [...] Rugby Union’s assumed position as 」the national game」 has often been questioned on the basis that it is predominantly a game played and followed in South Wales. 
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