世俗国家

世俗国家（英语：Secular state）是指一些对于宗教事务持中立的国家，与之相对的是宗教国家。没有对任何一种个别的宗教习俗持赞成或反对的态度，也是没有类似国教的宗教。一个世俗国家也视信奉不同宗教的人为平等的个体，不会偏袒或歧视信奉个别宗教的人，保障宗教自由及言论自由。

定义

世俗国家理论上保障宗教自由，并实行政教分离，也指一些防止宗教组织干预和控制政府权力的国家，更有法令保护任何一种宗教，包括少数宗教免受歧视。

在某些世俗国家中，有在比例上相当多的人信奉同一种宗教（如土耳其）；而某些则有很大的宗教多元性（如印度）。有些国家在建国时已自我定位为世俗国家、但仍相当多的人信奉一种宗教（如菲律宾），也有些是经过世俗化才成为世俗国家（如法国），还有不少在法律上实行政教分离、但保持国教。在近代历史上，世俗化的进程是给予人民宗教自由为开始、再后而废止国教、停止使用公帑资助宗教团体、使法律脱离宗教的控制、开放教育系统（而不强制任何宗教）、接受公民自由改宗信仰、以及是容许信奉不同宗教的人担任政治领袖的。此外，原有的宗教假日不受到影响，而公共机构运作也不会受到宗教团体的影响和控制。

在世界上，多数的政权已经成为世俗国家、包括不少的君主国与共和国。可是仍有不少自称世俗的政权仍然是不完全世俗化，不设国教的国家仍对部分宗教组织给予保障。以天主教为国教的国家为例，法国、西班牙、葡萄牙等国家机构曾经长时间以天主教节日为公众假期，会停止工作、上课，而天主教会学校的教师甚至是教堂的探题，仍往往是由公家支薪的。一些伊斯兰教徒为主的国家如土耳其虽然是世俗国家，但在教育上仍具有伊斯兰成分。

又例如越南共和国（南越），名义上是世俗国家，且人口多数是佛教徒，但因领导人吴廷琰笃信天主教，屡屡杀害比丘，导致释广德等多位法师自焚抗议，民众大规模的反政府运动不断，吴廷琰政权的残忍，也失去同样笃信天主教的美国总统肯尼迪支持，华府向驻越大使小亨利·卡波特·洛奇发了243号电报（Cable 243），决定不再支持吴廷琰，这推动了杨文明将军的1963年南越政变，也导致了吴廷琰之死。其中也包括缅甸联邦共和国，一个以佛教徒为主的国家，大力的残害与种族灭绝信奉回教的罗兴亚人。

世俗国家列表

这是截至2011年为止，世俗国家的不完全列表：

宪法明载的世俗国家

其他的世俗国家

前世俗国家列表

孟加拉国(1971-1976)
巴基斯坦 (1947-1956)
伊朗(1925-1979)
阿富汗(1919-1996)（阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国成立前）
埃及(1952-1970)
伊拉克(1932-1968)（复兴党政权成立前）
萨摩亚(1962-2017)

各大洲自我描述的世俗国家列表

非洲

亚洲

欧洲

¹ 横贯大陆国家。
² 未被普遍承认的国家。

北美洲

古巴^[61]
洪都拉斯
- 洪都拉斯宪法第77条规定：“它保障所有宗教和崇拜无先例地自由行使，只要它们不违反法律和公共秩序。不同宗教的部长不得担任公职或以宗教为基础或以达到其宗教信仰目的的任何方式进行任何形式的政治宣传。”^[62]^[63]^[64]
墨西哥
- Article 130 墨西哥宪法的声明指出：“国会不能颁布建立或禁止任何宗教的法律。”
美国
- 第一修正案的第一修正案的建立条款。美国宪法规定：“国会不得制定有关宗教信仰或禁止其自由行使的法律。”^[65]^[a]尽管在某些情况下美国政府名义上提及宗教，^[b]美国最高法院裁定，这些仅仅是礼仪主义，并不构成国家的宗教信仰。

大洋洲

澳大利亚
- 澳大利亚宪法第116条规定：“英联邦不得制定任何法律来建立任何宗教，强加任何宗教信仰或禁止自由行使任何宗教，也不需要进行宗教考试。作为英联邦下任何办公室或公共信托的资格。^[66]
斐济
- 2013年斐济宪法第4条明确规定斐济是世俗国家。它在说明“宗教信仰是个人的”和“ 教堂与国家的分离和国家的分离的同时，保证了宗教自由。”^[67]
密克罗尼西亚联邦
- 密克罗尼西亚联邦宪法第IV条第2节规定：“不得通过任何有关宗教信仰建立或损害宗教自由行使的法律，除非可以向非宗教学校提供资助。 -宗教目的。”^[68]
新西兰

南美洲

注释

↑ 尽管美国某些州保留的法律名义上会阻止无神论者任职（例如阿肯色州，马里兰州，密西西比州，田纳西州，南卡罗来纳州和德克萨斯州），但由于这些法律在美国最高法院被宣布违宪，因此这些法律不可执行案件“ 托卡索诉沃特金斯案”，理由是他们违反了合众国宪法。
↑ 美国参议院的确接受了任命的美国参议院牧师的祈祷。许多牧师以违反政教分离国家为由，进行了许多尝试来取消这一立场。美国效忠誓言包含“在上帝之下的一个国家”。美国的官方座右铭是“ 我们信靠上帝”。

参考文献

↑ ICL - Angola Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ Article 2 of Constitution. [2007-03-05].
↑ Botswana. U.S. Department of State. 14 September 2007 [18 March 2015].
↑ Leaders say Botswana is a secular state. [2019-12-19].
↑ Article 31 of Constitution. [2013-09-24].
↑ Article 1 of Constitution (PDF). [2007-03-05].
↑ Preamble of Constitution (PDF). [2007-03-05].
↑ Constitution of Cape Verde 1992.. [18 March 2015].
↑ Article 1 of Constitution. [2013-09-25].
↑ Côte d'Ivoire's Constitution of 2000 (PDF). [2019-12-19].
↑ ICL - Congo-Brazzaville - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ ICL - Ethiopia - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ Article 2 of Constitution Ghana
↑ Article 1 of Constitution (PDF). [2013-08-22].
↑ Article 1 of Constitution. [2013-08-18].
↑ The Constitution of Kenya (PDF). [9 March 2018].
↑ ICL - Liberia - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ Madagascar's Constitution of 2010 (PDF). [2019-12-19].
↑ Preamble of Constitution (PDF). [2019-12-19].
↑ ICL - Namibia - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ John L. Esposito. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press US, (2004) ISBN 0-19-512559-2 pp.233-234
↑ Nigerian Constitution. Nigeria Law. [17 July 2015].
↑ Senegal. U.S. Department of State. 14 September 2007 [18 March 2015].
↑ The right to differ religiously.(News). [18 March 2015].
↑ PART ONE: SOUTH SUDAN AND THE CONSTITUTION 8. RELIGION (PDF). [2019-12-19].
↑ Article 7.1 of Constitution (PDF). [2019-12-19].
↑ CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. [18 March 2015].
↑ Eastimorlawjournal.org. [18 March 2015].
↑ THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT). [2019-12-19].
↑ ICL - Japan - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ Archived copy. [24 November 2014].
↑ ICL - South Korea - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ Article 1 of Constitution. [2007-03-05].
↑ Article 2, Section 6 of Constitution. [2007-03-05].
↑ See Declaration of Religious Harmony, which explicitly states the secular nature of society
↑ INTRODUCTION TO THE WEB VERSION OF THE CONSTITUTION. [18 December 2015].
↑ ICL - Taiwan - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ Tajikistan's Constitution of 1994 with Amendments through 2003 (PDF). [2019-12-19].
↑ Constitution of Turkmenistan. [18 March 2015].
↑ Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (PDF). [2019-12-19].
↑ ICL - Vietnam - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ ICL - Albania - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ ICL - Austria Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas. Yearbook of Muslims in Europe. BRILL. 19 September 2013. ISBN 9789004255869 –通过Google Books.
↑ In Belgium, Article 20 of the Constitution provides: No one can be obliged to contribute in any way whatsoever to the acts and ceremonies of a religion, nor to observe the days of rest. ICL - Belgium - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ ICL - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms. [2019-12-19].
↑ ICL - Estonia - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ ICL - France Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ ICL - The Fundamental Law of Hungary -- Part I. [18 March 2015].
↑ Article 44.2.1º of the Constitution of Ireland - The State guarantees not to endow any religion.
↑ Articles 3, 7, 8, 19, 20 of Constitution; Judgment of the Constitutional Court 203/1989
↑ Naamat, Talia; Porat, Dina; Osin, Nina. Legislating for Equality: A Multinational Collection of Non-Discrimination Norms. Volume I: Europe. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 19 July 2012. ISBN 978-9004226128 –通过Google Books.
↑ ICL - Latvia - Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ Article 11 of the Constitution. [2019-12-19].
↑ Article 1 of Constitution (PDF). [2019-12-19].
↑ Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ Article 16 of Constitution (PDF). [18 March 2015].
↑ The Swedish head of state must according to the Swedish Act of Succession adhere to the Augsburg Confession
↑ Article 8 of the Cuban Constitution. [2007-03-05].
↑ Honduras: Constitución de 1982. [18 March 2015].
↑ Honduras - THE CONSTITUTION. [20 October 2018].
↑ Honduras's Constitution of 1982 with Amendments through 2013, constituteproject.org.
↑ 美国和现今的利比亚之间的的黎波里条约第11条中有一条规定：“在任何意义上，美利坚合众国政府都不以基督教为基础。”
↑ ICL - Australia Constitution. [18 March 2015].
↑ Constitution of the Republic of Fiji , 2013
↑ Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia. [2007-03-05].
↑ Article 19 of the Brazilian Constitution. [2010-08-11].
↑ Since 1925 by the Chilean Constitution of 1925 (article 10), and 1980 Chilean Constitution Article 19, Section 6º. [2019-12-19].
↑ Religion and the Secular State in Colombia (PDF). [2019-12-19].
↑ Articles 1, 11, 26, and 66.8 of the Ecuadorian Constitution (PDF). [2019-12-19].
↑ Article 50° of the Peruvian Constitution. [2019-12-19].
↑ Constitution of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, Chapter III, Article 5.. [2019-12-19].

参见

外部链接

（英文）世俗主义101
（英文）对自由世俗国家的威胁与挑战，Ingemund Hägg著

[66] 尽管美国某些州保留的法律名义上会阻止无神论者任职（例如阿肯色州，马里兰州，密西西比州，田纳西州，南卡罗来纳州和德克萨斯州），但由于这些法律在美国最高法院被宣布违宪，因此这些法律不可执行案件“ 托卡索诉沃特金斯案”，理由是他们违反了合众国宪法。

[67] 美国参议院的确接受了任命的美国参议院牧师的祈祷。许多牧师以违反政教分离国家为由，进行了许多尝试来取消这一立场。美国效忠誓言包含“在上帝之下的一个国家”。美国的官方座右铭是“ 我们信靠上帝”。

[1] ICL - Angola Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[2] Article 2 of Constitution. [2007-03-05].

[3] Botswana. U.S. Department of State. 14 September 2007 [18 March 2015].

[4] Leaders say Botswana is a secular state. [2019-12-19].

[5] Article 31 of Constitution. [2013-09-24].

[6] Article 1 of Constitution (PDF). [2007-03-05].

[7] Preamble of Constitution (PDF). [2007-03-05].

[8] Constitution of Cape Verde 1992.. [18 March 2015].

[9] Article 1 of Constitution. [2013-09-25].

[10] Côte d'Ivoire's Constitution of 2000 (PDF). [2019-12-19].

[11] ICL - Congo-Brazzaville - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[12] ICL - Ethiopia - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[13] Article 2 of Constitution Ghana

[14] Article 1 of Constitution (PDF). [2013-08-22].

[15] Article 1 of Constitution. [2013-08-18].

[constKenya-16] The Constitution of Kenya (PDF). [9 March 2018].

[17] ICL - Liberia - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[18] Madagascar's Constitution of 2010 (PDF). [2019-12-19].

[19] Preamble of Constitution (PDF). [2019-12-19].

[20] ICL - Namibia - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[21] John L. Esposito. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press US, (2004) ISBN 0-19-512559-2 pp.233-234

[22] Nigerian Constitution. Nigeria Law. [17 July 2015].

[23] Senegal. U.S. Department of State. 14 September 2007 [18 March 2015].

[24] The right to differ religiously.(News). [18 March 2015].

[25] PART ONE: SOUTH SUDAN AND THE CONSTITUTION 8. RELIGION (PDF). [2019-12-19].

[Article_7.1_of_Constitution-26] Article 7.1 of Constitution (PDF). [2019-12-19].

[27] CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. [18 March 2015].

[28] Eastimorlawjournal.org. [18 March 2015].

[29] THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT). [2019-12-19].

[30] ICL - Japan - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[akorda.kz-31] Archived copy. [24 November 2014].

[32] ICL - South Korea - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[33] Article 1 of Constitution. [2007-03-05].

[34] Article 2, Section 6 of Constitution. [2007-03-05].

[35] See Declaration of Religious Harmony, which explicitly states the secular nature of society

[36] INTRODUCTION TO THE WEB VERSION OF THE CONSTITUTION. [18 December 2015].

[37] ICL - Taiwan - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[38] Tajikistan's Constitution of 1994 with Amendments through 2003 (PDF). [2019-12-19].

[39] Constitution of Turkmenistan. [18 March 2015].

[40] Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (PDF). [2019-12-19].

[41] ICL - Vietnam - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[42] ICL - Albania - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[43] ICL - Austria Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[44] Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas. Yearbook of Muslims in Europe. BRILL. 19 September 2013. ISBN 9789004255869 –通过Google Books.

[45] In Belgium, Article 20 of the Constitution provides: No one can be obliged to contribute in any way whatsoever to the acts and ceremonies of a religion, nor to observe the days of rest. ICL - Belgium - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[46] ICL - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[47] National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[48] Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms. [2019-12-19].

[49] ICL - Estonia - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[50] ICL - France Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[51] ICL - The Fundamental Law of Hungary -- Part I. [18 March 2015].

[52] Article 44.2.1º of the Constitution of Ireland - The State guarantees not to endow any religion.

[53] Articles 3, 7, 8, 19, 20 of Constitution; Judgment of the Constitutional Court 203/1989

[54] Naamat, Talia; Porat, Dina; Osin, Nina. Legislating for Equality: A Multinational Collection of Non-Discrimination Norms. Volume I: Europe. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 19 July 2012. ISBN 978-9004226128 –通过Google Books.

[55] ICL - Latvia - Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[56] Article 11 of the Constitution. [2019-12-19].

[concourt1-57] Article 1 of Constitution (PDF). [2019-12-19].

[58] Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[59] Article 16 of Constitution (PDF). [18 March 2015].

[60] The Swedish head of state must according to the Swedish Act of Succession adhere to the Augsburg Confession

[61] Article 8 of the Cuban Constitution. [2007-03-05].

[62] Honduras: Constitución de 1982. [18 March 2015].

[63] Honduras - THE CONSTITUTION. [20 October 2018].

[64] Honduras's Constitution of 1982 with Amendments through 2013, constituteproject.org.

[65] 美国和现今的利比亚之间的的黎波里条约第11条中有一条规定：“在任何意义上，美利坚合众国政府都不以基督教为基础。”

[68] ICL - Australia Constitution. [18 March 2015].

[69] Constitution of the Republic of Fiji , 2013

[70] Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia. [2007-03-05].

[71] Article 19 of the Brazilian Constitution. [2010-08-11].

[72] Since 1925 by the Chilean Constitution of 1925 (article 10), and 1980 Chilean Constitution Article 19, Section 6º. [2019-12-19].

[73] Religion and the Secular State in Colombia (PDF). [2019-12-19].

[74] Articles 1, 11, 26, and 66.8 of the Ecuadorian Constitution (PDF). [2019-12-19].

[75] Article 50° of the Peruvian Constitution. [2019-12-19].

[76] Constitution of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, Chapter III, Article 5.. [2019-12-19].

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